مطالعه پارامترهای ژنتیکی صفات زراعی موثر بر عملکرد دانه در برخی از ژنوتیپ‌های کنجد (Sesamum indicum)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، پژوهشکده فناوری تولیدات گیاهی، پژوهشگاه افضلی پور، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.

چکیده

هدف: مطالعه حاضر به‌منظور بررسی میزان تنوع و سهم عوامل ژنتیکی و غیر ژنتیکی در کنترل برخی از صفات مهم کنجد شامل روز تا رسیدگی، ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد انشعاب میوه دهنده در بوته، تعداد کپسول در بوته، تعداد دانه در کپسول، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه در بوته انجام گرفت.
مواد و روش‌ها: 28 ژنوتیپ مختلف کنجد با منشا جغرافیایی متفاوت به‌‍صورت طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با دو تکرار در دو محیط رطوبتی نرمال و تنش رطوبتی در دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان-مزرعه لورک طی دو سال زراعی ارزیابی شد. دو رژیم آبیاری بر اساس حداکثر تخلیه رطوبتی مجاز (درصد) تعیین شد. ضمن انجام تجزیه واریانس و مقایسه میانگین، بررسی ضرایب تنوع فنوتیپی، ژنتیکی و وراثت پذیری عمومی صفات نیز انجام شد.
نتایج: بررسی ضرایب تنوع فنوتیپی و ژنتیکی نشان داد که تنوع زیادی برای صفات عملکرد دانه، تعداد دانه در کپسول، تعداد کپسول و تعداد انشعاب میوه دهنده در بوته وجود دارد در حالی که ژنوتیپ­‌های مورد مطالعه از نظر زمان رسیدگی، ارتفاع بوته و وزن هزار دانه تنوع کمی داشتند. وراثت پذیری صفات مورد مطالعه نیز نشان داد که زمان رسیدگی، تعداد انشعاب میوه دهنده و تعداد کپسول در بوته از وراثت پذیری بالایی برخوردارند و با توجه به سهم بیشتر عوامل ژنتیکی در کنترل این صفات، انتظار می­‌رود که انتخاب برای این صفات موجب افزایش عملکرد دانه در هر دو محیط نرمال و تنش رطوبتی شود. با توجه به ارتفاع بوته و تعداد انشعاب میوه‌­دهنده کمتر و قطر ساقه بیشتر، لاین­‌های گلپایگان 1 و 4 برای هر دو محیط رطوبتی به‌عنوان لاین­‌های مطلوب­‌تر برای تولید و برداشت مکانیزه معرفی می‌­شوند و لاین­‌های گلپایگان 1، ورامین 2822 و مرکزی 1 نیز به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ­‌های پر محصول در هر دو محیط رطوبتی شناسایی شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: لاین گلپایگان 1 علاوه بر مناسب بودن برای برداشت مکانیزه، از ارقام پر محصول در این مطالعه بود که می­‌تواند در برنامه‌های اصلاح آتی مد نظر قرار گیرد. همچنین صفات تعداد کپسول در بوته و تعداد انشعاب میوه­‌دهنده با توجه به وراثت‌پذیری بالا و سهم بیشتر عوامل ژنتیکی در کنترل آن‌ها می‌­توانند به‌عنوان شاخص­‌های انتخاب در گزینش غیر‌مستقیم برای عملکرد دانه کنجد در برنامه‌­های اصلاحی استفاده شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of genetic parameters for agronomic traits affecting seed yield in some sesame (Sesamum indicum) genotypes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sepideh Ghotbzadeh-Kermani 1
  • Ghodratollah Saeidi 2
  • Mohammad Reza Sabzalian 2
1 Assistant Professor, College of Research Technology Institute of Plant Production, Afzalipour Research Institute, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
This study was conducted to investigate genetic variation for more important agronomic traits and seed yield components of sesame, including days to maturity, plant height, shoot diameter, number of fruiting branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-eight sesame genotypes with diverse geographical origins were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with two replications under two humidity conditions —normal and water stress—, over two years at the Research Farm of Isfahan University of Technology. Two irrigation regimes were defined as a percentage of the maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of soil moisture. Analysis of variance was performed to assess the effect of genotype, irrigation regimes, years, and their interactions on the traits. Additionally, the phenotypic and genetic coefficient of variation, along with broad-sense heritability, were estimated for each trait.
Results
The phenotypic and genetic coefficients of variation revealed a high level of phenotypic and genetic variation for seed yield, number of seeds per plant, number of capsules per plant, and number of fruiting branches per plant. These results indicate the high genetic potential of the studied genotypes for genetic improvement of the traits. Conversely, the traits of days to maturity, plant height, capsule diameter, and 1000-seed weight exhibited lower genetic variation. The estimated broad-sense heritability indicated a higher contribution of genetic factors in controlling days to maturity, number of fruiting branches, and number of capsules per plant. Consequently, it appears that selection can effectively improve these traits and seed yield in breeding programs. The results identified that the genotypes Golpayegan 1 and Golpayegan 4 are promising candidates for mechanized harvesting under both humidity conditions. These genotypes exhibit desirable traits such as lower plant height and branching, as well as a higher shoot diameter. Furthermore, genotypes of Golpayegan 1, Varamin 2822, and Markazi 1 were recognized as high-yielding genotypes. These findings indicate that the studied genotypes have a high potential to be used in selection programs for improving seed yield and other agronomic traits in both soil moisture conditions.
Conclusion
The genotype Golpayegan 1 was identified as a high-yielding genotype with favorable characteristics for mechanized harvesting, making it suitable for integration into sesame breeding programs. Moreover, given the higher broad-sense heritability for number of capsules per plant and the number of fruiting branches per plant, these traits appear to be reliable indicators for indirect selection aimed at enhancing seed yield in sesame breeding programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Drought stress
  • Phenotypic and Genetic Coefficient of Variation
  • Selection
  • Heritability

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مجله ژنتیک و به‌نژادی گیاهی
دوره 1، شماره 1
فروردین 1403
صفحه 43-66

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